Enhancing Privacy in eGovernment: A Scoping Review of Data Minimization Techniques

DOI: https://doi.org/10.52549/ijeei.v13i4.7110
Published: 31-12-2025 • Issue: Vol. 13 No. 4: December 2025 • Section: Regular paper

Abstract

The protection of personal data collected by e-government services plays an important role in balancing privacy and personalization establishing user trust, operational efficiency, and regulatory compliance. This scoping review investigates data minimization techniques used in personalized e-government services, identifying available techniques, and challenges. A key strategy for enhancing privacy involves limiting data collection and processing to what is only necessary for service delivery, particularly in e-government services. The scoping review, following the PRISMA ScR approach, addresses research questions on the current data minimization techniques in e-government services, their impact on personalization, challenges and barriers to implementation, and the perceived benefits from different stakeholders’ perspectives. From the formulated research questions covering the objectives of this scoping review it identified 2408 documents using relevant search query statements from available academic databases, after conducting screening and eligibility checks, only 20 documents are included in this review. From the documents, only proportional logic and game theory data minimization technique is used in e-governance systems. The impacts of data minimization techniques to personalization, the barriers and challenges in the implementation of data minimization, and the perceived benefits from the major stakeholders of the e-government systems were identified from the covered documents. This review has provided insights as to the extent of studies which include aspects of data minimization application in various egovernment systems. Findings provide direction to future research, policy formulation, and practice, emphasizing gaps and guiding future studies to a more comprehensive understanding of balancing privacy and personalization through data minimization in e-government services.

References

R. P. Bringula, M. A. D. Vale, J. A. Napolis, F. P. Oliva, and D. J. T. De La Serna, “E-Barangay: A Framework for a Web-Based System for Local Communities and Its Usability,†International Journal of Electronic Government Research, vol. 18, no. 1, 2022, doi: 10.4018/IJEGR.288071.

J. Bertot, E. Estevez, and T. Janowski, “Universal and contextualized public services: Digital public service innovation framework,†Apr. 01, 2016, Elsevier Ltd. doi: 10.1016/j.giq.2016.05.004.

A. Kozyreva, P. Lorenz-Spreen, R. Hertwig, S. Lewandowsky, and S. M. Herzog, “Public attitudes towards algorithmic personalization and use of personal data online: evidence from Germany, Great Britain, and the United States,†Humanit Soc Sci Commun, vol. 8, no. 1, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.1057/s41599-021-00787-w.

Y. Li, Y. Liu, B. Li, W. Wang, and N. Liu, “Towards Practical Differential Privacy in Data Analysis: Understanding the Effect of Epsilon on Utility in Private ERM,†Jun. 2022, [Online]. Available: http://arxiv.org/abs/2206.03488

O. Aronson, J. Elad-Strenger, T. Kessler, and Y. Feldman, “Does personalization of officeholders undermine the legitimacy of the office? On perceptions of objectivity in legal decisionmaking,†Regul Gov, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 833–850, Jul. 2023, doi: 10.1111/rego.12495.

A. Shahid et al., “A scoping review of methods to measure and evaluate citizen engagement in health research,†Dec. 01, 2022, BioMed Central Ltd. doi: 10.1186/s40900-022-00405-2.

S. Chaudhari, S. Ghanvatkar, and A. Kankanhalli, “Personalization of Intervention Timing for Physical Activity: Scoping Review,†Feb. 01, 2022, JMIR Publications Inc. doi: 10.2196/31327.

H. B. Woods and S. Pinfield, “Incentivising research data sharing: A scoping review,†2021, F1000 Research Ltd. doi: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17286.1.

R. Rebinsky, L. N. Anderson, and J. D. Morgenstern, “Identifying non-Traditional electronic datasets for population-level surveillance and prevention of cardiometabolic diseases: A scoping review protocol,†Aug. 18, 2021, BMJ Publishing Group. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053485.

S. Gambs, “Privacy and Ethical Challenges in Big Data,†in Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), Springer Verlag, 2019, pp. 17–26. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-18419-3_2.

R. P. Bringula, M. Indrawan-Santiago, and A. N. De Leon, The Role of Trust in Web-Based Election System Usability. Hanoi: Association for Computing Machinery, 2014.

PRISMA 2020 flow diagram - PRISMA statement. (Online). Available: https://www.prismastatement.org/prisma-2020-flow-diagram. Accessed: December 15, 2025.

G. Kumar, S. Basri, A. A. Imam, S. A. Khowaja, L. F. Capretz, and A. O. Balogun, “Data harmonization for heterogeneous datasets: A systematic literature review,†Sep. 01, 2021, MDPI. doi: 10.3390/app11178275.

N. Anciaux, S. Frittella, B. Joffroy, and B. Nguyen, “Demo : Data Minimization and Informed Consent in Administrative Forms,†Proceedings of the 2023 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS ’23), November 26, 2023, Copenhagen, Denmark, vol. 1, pp. 3676–3678, 2023, doi: 10.1145/3576915.

J. P. F. Fajardo and K. Ko, “Data Privacy and Protection: Embracing a Global Standard,†2023. Accessed: Oct. 28, 2024. [Online]. Available: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/

R. Khtira, B. Elasri, and M. Rhanoui, “From data to big data: Moroccan public sector,†in ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Association for Computing Machinery, Mar. 2017. doi: 10.1145/3090354.3090401.

Y. Yousefi, “Data Sharing as a Debiasing Measure for AI Systems in Healthcare: New Legal Basis,†in ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Association for Computing Machinery, Oct. 2022, pp. 50–58. doi: 10.1145/3560107.3560116.

R. Klischewski, “Will the government machine turn into a monster?,†in ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Association for Computing Machinery, Jun. 2019, pp. 306–313. doi: 10.1145/3325112.3325221.

O. Agbabiaka, “The public value creation of eGovernment: An empirical study from citizen perspective,†in ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Association for Computing Machinery, Apr. 2018, pp. 143–153. doi: 10.1145/3209415.3209416.

A. J. Biega, P. Potash, H. Daumé, F. Diaz, and M. Finck, “Operationalizing the Legal Principle of Data Minimization for Personalization,†in SIGIR 2020 - Proceedings of the 43rd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Association for Computing Machinery, Inc, Jul. 2020, pp. 399–408. doi: 10.1145/3397271.3401034.

P. Stenton, N. Sailaja, A. Crabtree, and D. McAuley, “Explicating the challenges of providing novel media experiences driven by user personal data,†in TVX 2018 - Proceedings of the 2018 ACM International Conference on Interactive Experiences for TV and Online Video, Association for Computing Machinery, Inc, Jun. 2018, pp. 101–113. doi: 10.1145/3210825.3210830.

M. Lagzian and M. Pourbagheri, “An investigation into affecting factors on acceptance of e-government service counters as a service delivery channel: A case of developing country,†in ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Association for Computing Machinery, Oct. 2014, pp. 11–19. doi: 10.1145/2691195.2691244.

A. A. Corici et al., “Enhancing European Interoperability Frameworks to Leverage Mobile Cross-Border Services in Europe,†in ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Association for Computing Machinery, Jun. 2022, pp. 41–53. doi: 10.1145/3543434.3543638.

S. Dijkhuis, R. Van Wijk, H. Dorhout, and N. Bharosa, “When Willeke can get rid of paperwork: A lean infrastructure for qualified information exchange based on trusted identities,†in ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Association for Computing Machinery, May 2018. doi: 10.1145/3209281.3209324.

S. W. van den Braak, S. Choenni, R. Meijer, and A. Zuiderwijk, “Trusted third parties for secure and privacypreserving data integration and sharing in the public sector,†in Proceedings of the 13th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research, in dg.o ’12. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2012, pp. 135–144. doi: 10.1145/2307729.2307752.

S. Belguith, I. Omoronyia, and R. Chitchyan, “Personal Data-Less Personalized Software Applications,†in FSE Companion - Companion Proceedings of the 32nd ACM International Conference on the Foundations of Software Engineering, Association for Computing Machinery, Inc, Jul. 2024, pp. 477–481. doi: 10.1145/3663529.3663781.

I. Konstantinidis et al., “From document-centric to data-centric public service provision,†Digital Government: Research and Practice, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1–27, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.1145/3676279.

R. Krimmer, T. Kalvet, M. Toots, A. Cepilovs, and E. Tambouris, “Exploring and Demonstrating the Once-Only Principle: A European Perspective,†in Proceedings of the 18th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research, in dg.o ’17. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2017, pp. 546– 551. doi: 10.1145/3085228.3085235.

I. Potoczny-Jones, E. Kenneally, and J. Ruffing, “Encrypted dataset collaboration: Intelligent privacy for smart cities,†in Proceedings of the 2nd ACM/EIGSCC Symposium on Smart Cities and Communities, SCC 2019, Association for Computing Machinery, Inc, Sep. 2019. doi: 10.1145/3357492.3358630.

G. G. Clavell, M. M. n. Zamorano, C. Castillo, O. Smith, and A. Matic, “Auditing algorithms: On lessons learned and the risks of data minimization,†in AIES 2020 - Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society, Association for Computing Machinery, Inc, Feb. 2020, pp. 265–271. doi: 10.1145/3375627.3375852.

N. Da Silva Carvalho et al., “A more inclusive Europe through personal data sovereignty in cross-border digital public services,†in ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Association for Computing Machinery, Sep. 2023, pp. 63–71. doi: 10.1145/3614321.3614329.

D. Ariadne Muller, “The Computer for the 21st Century - Second Edition for Europe,†in Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, Association for Computing Machinery, May 2021. doi: 10.1145/3411763.3450369.

N. Bharosa, S. Luitjens, R. Van Wijk, and T. Pardo, “Panel: Removing the barriers for personal data management,†in ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Association for Computing Machinery, May 2018. doi: 10.1145/3209281.3209327.

M. S. Bargh, R. Meijer, M. Vink, S. Van Den Braak, and S. Choenni, “On opening sensitive data sets in light of GDPR,†in ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Association for Computing Machinery, 2019, pp. 510–512. doi: 10.1145/3326365.3326444.

S. Van Staden and N. J. Bidwell, “Localised Trust in a Globalised Knot: Designing Information Privacy for Digital-ID,†ACM Journal on Computing and Sustainable Societies, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1–37, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.1145/3616024.

R. B. Saglam and J. R. C. Nurse, “Is your chatbot GDPR compliant?: Open issues in agent design,†in ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Association for Computing Machinery, Jul. 2020. doi: 10.1145/3405755.3406131.

G. Anthes, “Estonia: A model for e-government,†Jun. 01, 2015, Association for Computing Machinery. doi: 10.1145/2754951.

S. W. van den Braak, S. Choenni, R. Meijer, and A. Zuiderwijk, “Trusted third parties for secure and privacypreserving data integration and sharing in the public sector,†in Digital Government Research, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7970394

D. Spiliotopoulos, D. Margaris, and C. Vassilakis, “Citizen engagement for transparent and accountable policy modelling,†in 11th International Conference on Management of Digital EcoSystems, MEDES 2019, Association for Computing Machinery, Inc, Nov. 2019, pp. 158–165. doi: 10.1145/3297662.3365813.

C. Fasi, “Application of Artificial Intelligence in Administrative Decision-making,†in ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Association for Computing Machinery, Sep. 2022, pp. 147–152. doi: 10.1145/3551504.3551555.

W. Van Donge, N. Bharosa, and M. F. W. H. A. Janssen, “Future government data strategies: Data-driven enterprise or data steward?: Exploring definitions and challenges for the government as data enterprise,†in ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Association for Computing Machinery, Jun. 2020, pp. 196–204. doi: 10.1145/3396956.3396975.

T. Jakobi, S. Patil, D. Randall, G. Stevens, and V. Wulf, “It is about what they could do with the data: a user perspective on privacy in smart metering,†ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, vol. 26, no. 1, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.1145/3281444.

T. Kalvet, M. Toots, R. Krimmer, and A. F. Van Veenstra, “Cross-border e-government services in Europe: Expected benefits, barriers and drivers of the once-only principle,†in ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Association for Computing Machinery, Apr. 2018, pp. 69–72. doi: 10.1145/3209415.3209458.

G. P. Adhikari, “National ID project of Nepal: future challenges,†in Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance, in ICEGOV ’11. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, Sep. 2011, pp. 379–380. doi: 10.1145/2072069.2072151.

G. Ferretti, D. Malandrino, D. Pirozzi, G. Renzi, M. A. Pellegrino, and V. Scarano, “A non-prescriptive environment to scaffold high quality and privacy-aware production of open data with AI,†in ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Association for Computing Machinery, Jun. 2019, pp. 25–34. doi: 10.1145/3325112.3325230.

Author Biographies

Marlon V. Gamido
Department of Information Technology, College of Computer Studies

How to Cite

[1]
M. V. Gamido, “Enhancing Privacy in eGovernment: A Scoping Review of Data Minimization Techniques”, IJEEI, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1095–1106, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.52549/ijeei.v13i4.7110.